The Role Of Professional Development For Educators Essay Example For Students

The Role Of Professional Development For Educators Essay Proficient advancement for instructors is a significant advance in learning better approaches to teach, execute new practices and regulating the most ideal results for kids s prosperity. Contingent upon the child’s conditions it is additionally imperative to scan for different methods for supposition. For this situation pleasing the child’s family and the network in which the individual in question lives in and progressing towards advancing beneficial connections. Relationship building empowers guardians in working cooperatively with experts to make conditions of help and excitement around the eventual benefits of the youngster. As expressed in the National Quality Standards (2013), â€Å"the skill of families is perceived and they share in dynamic about their child’s learning and wellbeing† (p. 152). Questions that may help with finding suitable help for youngsters s learning are for instance, what are the eventual benefits of the kid when at home? What are the things he/she is acceptable at? When you are out, what do they appreciate the most? Posing inquiries like this gives knowledge into the Microsystem and Mesosystem the most compelling pieces of a kid s life. Becoming acquainted with the kid s different preferences are significant in discovering approaches to actualize strong environmental factors. Finding the predominant parts of a youngster s life gives establishment to utilizing the Strengths-based Approach and discovering standards of the child’s qualities and capacities, seeing a comprehensive perspective on the kid, expanding on the kid s capacities in reach of their zone of proximal turn of events. At the point when teachers connect with kids they become mindful of their abilities, which sets up â€Å"sustained shared thinking† (DEECD, 2012, p. 10) , having the option to cooperate and provoke the . . thinking and strategising to execute transformative methods of adapting to difficulties. It is strategy dependent on vision, teaching method and theory. While Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model contains the jobs, examples, decides and convictions that influence the improvement of a person. It’s sole reason for recognizing who we are as an individual, the moves we make and our persuasions that affects an individual’s future. There are a few shortfalls in utilizing the methodology model as it can just apply for progressing in the direction of as of now learnt capacities and an approach to maintain a strategic distance from reality. By all methods it is an incredible methodology however there should be a responsibility from a network of students who cooperate to â€Å"become progressively creative in managing emergencies, enduring steady anxieties, and meeting future difficulties instead of creating reliance on the system† (Hammond, 2010p. 4).

Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essays

Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Essays Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay Ngos As Alternative Service Providers Children And Young People Essay which are approved by territories and are sticking to all future chiefs. However after such a large number of endeavors and vows to actualize the Torahs and crucial laws the more fragile region of the general public, non just in India yet in all pieces of the universe, is still prevented the human rights from claiming quality guidance, wellbeing and fairness. Consequently an interest was felt to search for a type of substitute technique or way out to make full this spread. It is a result of this ground Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) are framed to bear the obligation of working the most unfortunate of hapless with the specialists. In a major creating state like India, Non Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) go about as exchange or correlative assistance providers and look to connect the army spreads in the formative systems among range and request of administrations. These other help providers play an of import work by helping authoritiess through upholding, collaborating and supplementing the plants of the area so as to ensure that every one of the individuals who are prohibited, make the most of their privilege of uniformity in the public eye. Solid and educated individuals are the core of any turn of events. Absence of dish to the guidance, immovably gained perception, achievements and great health is an organization for its decrease. Supportable advancement is conceivable only through the dish to significant larning which in twist is significant for improved productiveness, decreased destitution, improved and precaution health consideration, enabled grown-up females and upgraded correspondence. NGOs, as advancement life partners, have the head blending capacity to play in states where authoritiess have fizzled or can't bring through their standard capacity. In the health and guidance segments, there are numerous achievement accounts that non only made the required physical base however close to built up the scholastic and thinking about the individuals who are still forgotten about. NGOs as bearers of comprehensive developing Legislature of India is focusing on the financial incorporation of the general public at enormous. Yet at the same time there is a more prominent interest for the comprehensive society so as the underserved must non experience forgot about. Here NGOs can play a superior capacity for the coordinating of this more fragile development with the general public where specialists s endeavors are non ready to bring through the spreads and the goals. Dish to essential guidance and health consideration establishments are in a general sense considered as the chief obligations of authoritiess. Governments attempt to be in accordance with the universally concurred parts of the bargains All which area that essential guidance ought to be free and mandatory. The main point behind these imprints was on expanding dish of children to fundamental proper guidance gave by authoritiess. Job of authoritiess as a facilitator of essential guidance is appropriate as an educated society can exploit in building state s independence and can other than aggregate advantages of cultural and financial turn of events. Not simply the general public at large yet people can other than be profited in footings of way of life, lifecycle and across coevalss. In creating states like India, the jussive mind-set for taught individuals is considerably more noteworthy, as it is non only about applying the option to be educated and a duty to part towards the state for its turn of events, yet it is other than of import for guaranting security. Wellbeing consideration and guidance are the essential help divisions given these are the biggest, the most overall and distinguishable foundations in the state, seeable even in the privy parts. Due to their social, cultural and financial components of health and guidance divisions, these are the most mind boggling foundations to administrate and pull off. In this way, regardless of the considerable number of endeavors and cash put in for the satisfaction of protected vow of Education for All and Healthy Citizens , India is as yet battling with the difficult issues of hapless quality, insufficiency of rationale, complication and inconsistent dish in the tutoring and wellbeing framework. Moreover, where the specialists s stipulation to perceive the points of cosmopolitan essential guidance and solid residents has been inconsistent to bring through interest, the practical and since quite a while ago run organization of specialists and NGOs can connect this spread. NGOs as partners in t he organization go about as main thrust behind more noteworthy participation through the dynamic preparation of open help for an impossible to miss cause. With changed point of convergence on spread excursion the establishments of value health consideration and guidance and to be in a state of harmony with the parts of the bargains, more prominent going to is being paid on capacity of non specialists partners that they are playing and could play in back uping assistants and experts in achieving marks, while specialists being the central provider. This pulls in light of the adjusting capacity of the specialists needs to play in back uping the requests of improved wellbeing consideration establishments and quality essential guidance in cases where it is non the immediate provider. The specialists s work varies orchestrating to the sort of the NGO and the degree to which they praise the open bringing of the administrations. NGOs advocate their capacity towards the achievement of parts of the bargains either by seting power per unit territory on the specialists agencies or by influencing straight as consideration takers. The underserved may take numerous signifiers including those hard to run in footings of sexual orientation, road kids, vagrants, disbanded kids in station battle nations, kids with disablements, displaced people, kid workers and so forth. These underserved are non ready to benefit their fundamental necessities of guidance and wellbeing and henceforth can non be a part of comprehensive developing in light of destitution, and additionally as a result of socio social and other interest related grounds. Deficient flexibly of assets in stray and provincial nations can more distant decline these bottlenecks. NGOs and Orphan s interest for Education and Health According to an overview led by SOS Children s unassuming community dependent on third National Health Survey, there are around 20 million children ( around 4 % of the whole populace ) are vagrant. Fitting to this, 0.3 % kids were stranded due to expire of their folks and rest 99.7 % have been relinquished. The central reason for such high figures are credited to neediness as the main supporter while cultural disturbance and psychological oppressor act in certain areas, as uncovered by this investigation of SOS Children s unassuming community. Destitution, disablement, disputes, and insufficiency of cognizance are prominent bottlenecks to numerous children securing into schools. Monetary misfortunes and society s lack of contribution and security imply that vagrants may lose the opportunity to profit the establishments gave by the open wellbeing framework each piece great. Kids who have been stranded by the perish of guardians or the individual enduring guardian is non ready to take consideration, are typically disposed of by society, denied affection and consideration and left with scarcely any assets to populate on. For cultural and monetary grounds these children every now and again drop out from schools. Once in a while these children are badly taken care of and experience the ill effects of debilitated health and are at a danger of abuse and lack of regard. In many condition of affairss these children are driven into unlawful exercises and sexual exercises in case of miss kid. India is go forthing no stones unturned with the expect to pass on vagrant into the standard. Service of Health and Family Welfare Ministry, Health Ministry and Education Ministry of Indian specialists have actualized grouped open help and wellbeing procedures for the oppressed. Other than there are in excess of 800 orphanhoods across India for the upliftment of this underserved development of society. The specialists s venture to better the course of essential guidance and wellbeing consideration establishments for vagrants is established in the significance of fundamental human rights for all children. This endeavor of specialists s can ensure a place of balance and cultural security among all developments of society. The advantages of cultural fuse, mental turn of events, secure and organized condition and so on can be utilized by confabulating comprehension and life achievements. Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram The NGO The Vishwa Nirmal Prem Ashram is a Non Government Charitable Organization in Greater NOIDA, U.P. , has built up a hypothetical record that utilizes health consideration and guidance as an organization of undertaking the occupations of vagrant, with the boss point of convergence on miss kid and ruined grown-up females with no qualification of rank, confidence, part, race or shading material. The ashram is an endeavor of H. H. Shri Mataji Devi Foundation. The association is enlisted under the Trust Registration Act and Foreign Contribution Regulation Act ( FCRA ) . The association is subsidized by the individuals from the Sahaj Yoga Organization and there are some global suppliers each piece great. Courses and workshops are led as store height exercises. NGO does non get any monetary guide from the specialists agencies. Mrs. Giesla Matzer, the Executive Director told that the ashram is controlled however non supported by the territory specialists. The Ashram is overseen and run by the president Sir C. P. Srivastava and the legitimate gatekeepers. The twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours exercises are regulated by Austrian Citizen Mrs. Gisela Matzer, the Executive Director. She is actually truly being called Oma by the inhabitants and resembles grandmother who ever gives them her protective love. Mrs. Darshi Gursharan, the sweetheart grandmother, has numerous mature ages of understanding as

Confessions of a Closet Smoker

Confessions of a Closet Smoker Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Confessions of a Closet Smoker By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on January 17, 2020 More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Smoking in secret is a behavior that creates pain and loneliness for the smoker.  It makes us feel guilty, weak and stuck.   Karens story will resonate with anyone who has struggled to hide their smoking. Thank you for sharing your story Kay, and congratulations on taking your life back. My name is Karen, but my friends call me Kay. I started smoking when I was 14.  I am now 31.I realize now that my reasons for smoking at that age have twisted themselves into reasons why I was still smoking 16 years later. It is as if my entire life was deliberately built around cigarettes. Perhaps it was.I quit smoking on June 12. Today is my fifth smoke-free day.I feel like I am waking up out of some kind of fog. I decided to introduce myself to your quit smoking support  group while Im still foggy, so I dont talk myself out of being brutally honest with you. I have always hidden behind smoking, in one way or another. I dont want to hide any longer. I want to take the power of my addiction away by telling you the truth about me. If you like me after reading this, that is wonderful. If you dont, I dont blame you! But I need to be honest about the monster I have become. I have done a lot of rotten things during my relationship with nicotine, things that are shameful, things I cant take back. I am slowly coming to realize all the lies I told myself, and believed, just to be able to smoke. There are so many things that are coming into focus regarding my affair with smoking.Most disheartening is that it seems like Marriage vs. Capri 120s could be the defining title for my life the last five years. My husband is a nonsmoker and when we met, I had quit for a little over one year after smoking for years. He believed I was a nonsmoker when we got together. I did too.I cant even remember why I started smoking again. But the point is, I did.And I did it with gusto.In the beginning of our relationship, my husband tolerated my 1-2 cigarettes per day, while I tolerated his drinking habit. It was almost an unspoken code between us; I dont talk about your habit and you dont talk about mine. When I began smoking again, I decided I could control it and would only s moke when I drank alcohol. Since I rarely drank, this was a perfect plan.Well, not exactly.I noticed that, slowly, as time went on, I was pouring more and more drinks at home - one weak drink for me that I would sip on all night and one or more strong drinks for him. As time passed, I was frequently getting my husband sloshed and giving myself permission to smoke almost an entire pack in the 2 hours it took my husband to pass out.If that isnt nicotine addiction, I dont know what is. The Power of the Smokescreen I never saw it the way I just described it until the last few weeks. I was so blind to my manipulations and scheming. If you had told me what I was doing, I would have thought you were crazy! I have always been the too nice person, the kind of person that you could trust, a friend. And thats what I thought I was. But as the smoke is clearing from my mind, it is hitting me like a ton of bricks. This became a revelation of who I have become, the kind of wife and mother I have been. Utterly selfish and devoted to my addiction.I despised myself for so many years but dared not let it linger on my mind for too long...otherwise, I would have had to do something about it. Nicotine Took Control, Bit by Bit My addiction grew worse and became harder and harder to control. For the last few years, I spent all the energy I had planning my smoking around my husband. I thought, since I love him so much I shouldnt subject him to it and therefore, secrecy was a necessity - out of love, of course. Now I realize that my addict-self is selfish and is motivated only by cigarettes. Its all about finding a way to feed the addiction. I thought smoking away from my hubby was a sacrifice I was making (see how nice I am? ha ha), but now I see it for what it really was - a way to prevent him from having an opinion about it.When smoking cessation commercials came on TV, I became the most talkative person in the room, desperately trying to prevent someone from commenting on how bad smoking is. Desperately hoping my son wouldnt blurt out his knowledge of my smoking. I just couldnt stand to be hypocritical and agree with the commercial, and then sneak a smoke. It was better to never let the subject come up at all. The Heavy Burden of Smoking in Secret My husband and I both work from home, so we are together all day. I would deliberately get up before him in the morning and go to bed after him in the evening just so I could smoke. I was obnoxiously crabby if he got up in the morning before I could sneak a cigarette and shower before he woke up.I would sneak outside in blistering heat and torrential rains, more times than I could possibly count, in order to cater to my addiction. I have faked headaches so I could stay home from outings that would hinder my ability to smoke at least every hour. I have pooh-poohed travel ideas because I knew we would be together too much for me to smoke successfully and keep it hidden. I am always running to the store for everyone for  any  reason, in order to sneak to the gas station and buy cigarettes, and then smoke in peace for a few minutes. I have avoided great friends for years and years, because I didnt want my smoking habit to be discovered.I would feel relieved when my husband and son would go on an outing without me (at my insistence), just so I could smoke in peace. They thought I wanted Alone Time, but what I really wanted was to be alone with my cigarette. But after my cigarette was stubbed out, I would want to be with them again. And they werent there. Well, then at least I could smoke another one...then another one...then another one... What time are you going to get home? In 15 minutes?  ... I could smoke three more before they get home...My smoking has created a huge gap that my husband isnt even aware of. He tells people we dont smoke. Either I am very good at hiding this or he really doesnt want to know, because it has to be obvious, doesnt it? Five days ago I didnt think so. Today Im not so sure.What he doesnt know is that I hid from him. He doesnt know I looked through the windows of my house to see where he was before going in. If I could see him through the window, I would use another door to come in because I wouldnt want him to approach me and smell cigarettes. So, before Id go in the house, Id go to the garden (if I wasnt already there) and pick rosemary, basil, or any pungent herb. I would rub them on my fingers and chew on one. Then, when the coast was clear, Id come into the house and make a beeline for the bathroom for a frantic session of tooth brushing, mouthwash, and hand/face scrubbing. I would use lotion last and rub a small amount in my hair. Only then would I feel somewhat safe. I would finally feel like I could sit down next to my husband or son for awhile and be alright. But then,  inevitably,  I would want another cigarette. The Never Ending Cycle of Nicotine Addiction And thus the circle goes around and around. For the last 16 years, I have been living like someone I dont even recognize. And it was just getting worse and worse. Every time I smoked, I would feel enormous guilt. I am just beginning to realize what life with me must have been like for my family --  constantly distracted, spending most of my time scurrying around, making sure they are settled, catering to their every whim because if they are involved in something else, I could go outside, thinking that  surely they wouldnt look for me if their every need was met? My husband and I decided over a month ago that he would leave for a few weeks to start building our dream home out of state, near his parents (who smoke). I thought I really lucked out. Most every thought that centered around moving next year involved a scene with me and his parents outside on the deck smoking together. Him being gone for a few weeks where I could smoke without risk sounded great.. My son and I will be arriving in July to spend the rest of summer there and then we will all return back home.Since I have had so much time alone, I have had a lot to think about.  I reflected on the insanity that has become my daily life.  I no longer even have a life, really.  I live in a self-imposed prison.  Im both prisoner and jailer, because Im the only one who holds the key to let me out. Suddenly, it became clear to me and I made the biggest decision in my life. I decided to quit smoking.I decided to quit the madness and chaos. I decided to look my addiction in the face and say NO MORE! I dont want our son to smoke. I want to be close to my family. I dont want to burden my family with the cost and pain of a debilitating smoking-related disease (like my father).?? I want to be able to hang out with my non-smoking friends, I want to look forward to traveling and spending time with my husband. I dont want to schedule my time around smoking. I want to be free of the hold smoking has over me. I Picked a Day to Quit A friend suggested  making a quit date. I did. I began obsessing over my quit date. I asked everyone I could think of for advice. I called 1-800-no-butts. It was after-hours and I listened to every available bit of information they could provide on their answering machine. I read the articles about smoking cessation at Verywell.com.  This site inspired me. I finally felt like I could do it. I decided to do it. I asked my mother for help. I asked my sister for help. I asked my son for help.Meanwhile, my husband knows nothing about my smoking, much less me quitting it. He does not know how I cry myself to sleep for being such a horrible wife. He doesnt know how I wish I could take back every moment that I smoked, just to spend that time with him because I miss him so much. He doesnt know that I am a selfish, manipulative person, or how sorry I am that I didnt realize who I had become or what this addiction was doing to us.I am going to just be brave and reach out to you through my stor y, because I am so tired. I am tired of keeping secrets, I am tired of pushing people away, I am tired of being ashamed, and I am tired of being sorry. I am tired of hiding and being someone Im not.This is the fifth day since I quit. I will not smoke today. I will not be the person I hate.I have a fiery determination and indefinite patience to remain free from smoking. I will rise above the smoke. I am starting to feel good about myself again.The nicotine withdrawal of the last 5 days have been physically tough: Nausea, sweats, headaches, and a feeling of emptiness.??But there is truth.That is what I have and that is what keeps me going.Thanks for letting me share my terrible secrets with you. It helps so much for me to look at myself honestly. Ive havent done that for a long time. Thanks for being there and letting me reach out.~Kay~ More quit stories from closet smokers: Freedom After 40 Years - Nenejunes Story The Double Life of a Secret Smoker - Nope55s Story I Always Smoked in Secret - Michelles Story

Confessions of a Closet Smoker

Confessions of a Closet Smoker Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Confessions of a Closet Smoker By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on January 17, 2020 More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Smoking in secret is a behavior that creates pain and loneliness for the smoker.  It makes us feel guilty, weak and stuck.   Karens story will resonate with anyone who has struggled to hide their smoking. Thank you for sharing your story Kay, and congratulations on taking your life back. My name is Karen, but my friends call me Kay. I started smoking when I was 14.  I am now 31.I realize now that my reasons for smoking at that age have twisted themselves into reasons why I was still smoking 16 years later. It is as if my entire life was deliberately built around cigarettes. Perhaps it was.I quit smoking on June 12. Today is my fifth smoke-free day.I feel like I am waking up out of some kind of fog. I decided to introduce myself to your quit smoking support  group while Im still foggy, so I dont talk myself out of being brutally honest with you. I have always hidden behind smoking, in one way or another. I dont want to hide any longer. I want to take the power of my addiction away by telling you the truth about me. If you like me after reading this, that is wonderful. If you dont, I dont blame you! But I need to be honest about the monster I have become. I have done a lot of rotten things during my relationship with nicotine, things that are shameful, things I cant take back. I am slowly coming to realize all the lies I told myself, and believed, just to be able to smoke. There are so many things that are coming into focus regarding my affair with smoking.Most disheartening is that it seems like Marriage vs. Capri 120s could be the defining title for my life the last five years. My husband is a nonsmoker and when we met, I had quit for a little over one year after smoking for years. He believed I was a nonsmoker when we got together. I did too.I cant even remember why I started smoking again. But the point is, I did.And I did it with gusto.In the beginning of our relationship, my husband tolerated my 1-2 cigarettes per day, while I tolerated his drinking habit. It was almost an unspoken code between us; I dont talk about your habit and you dont talk about mine. When I began smoking again, I decided I could control it and would only s moke when I drank alcohol. Since I rarely drank, this was a perfect plan.Well, not exactly.I noticed that, slowly, as time went on, I was pouring more and more drinks at home - one weak drink for me that I would sip on all night and one or more strong drinks for him. As time passed, I was frequently getting my husband sloshed and giving myself permission to smoke almost an entire pack in the 2 hours it took my husband to pass out.If that isnt nicotine addiction, I dont know what is. The Power of the Smokescreen I never saw it the way I just described it until the last few weeks. I was so blind to my manipulations and scheming. If you had told me what I was doing, I would have thought you were crazy! I have always been the too nice person, the kind of person that you could trust, a friend. And thats what I thought I was. But as the smoke is clearing from my mind, it is hitting me like a ton of bricks. This became a revelation of who I have become, the kind of wife and mother I have been. Utterly selfish and devoted to my addiction.I despised myself for so many years but dared not let it linger on my mind for too long...otherwise, I would have had to do something about it. Nicotine Took Control, Bit by Bit My addiction grew worse and became harder and harder to control. For the last few years, I spent all the energy I had planning my smoking around my husband. I thought, since I love him so much I shouldnt subject him to it and therefore, secrecy was a necessity - out of love, of course. Now I realize that my addict-self is selfish and is motivated only by cigarettes. Its all about finding a way to feed the addiction. I thought smoking away from my hubby was a sacrifice I was making (see how nice I am? ha ha), but now I see it for what it really was - a way to prevent him from having an opinion about it.When smoking cessation commercials came on TV, I became the most talkative person in the room, desperately trying to prevent someone from commenting on how bad smoking is. Desperately hoping my son wouldnt blurt out his knowledge of my smoking. I just couldnt stand to be hypocritical and agree with the commercial, and then sneak a smoke. It was better to never let the subject come up at all. The Heavy Burden of Smoking in Secret My husband and I both work from home, so we are together all day. I would deliberately get up before him in the morning and go to bed after him in the evening just so I could smoke. I was obnoxiously crabby if he got up in the morning before I could sneak a cigarette and shower before he woke up.I would sneak outside in blistering heat and torrential rains, more times than I could possibly count, in order to cater to my addiction. I have faked headaches so I could stay home from outings that would hinder my ability to smoke at least every hour. I have pooh-poohed travel ideas because I knew we would be together too much for me to smoke successfully and keep it hidden. I am always running to the store for everyone for  any  reason, in order to sneak to the gas station and buy cigarettes, and then smoke in peace for a few minutes. I have avoided great friends for years and years, because I didnt want my smoking habit to be discovered.I would feel relieved when my husband and son would go on an outing without me (at my insistence), just so I could smoke in peace. They thought I wanted Alone Time, but what I really wanted was to be alone with my cigarette. But after my cigarette was stubbed out, I would want to be with them again. And they werent there. Well, then at least I could smoke another one...then another one...then another one... What time are you going to get home? In 15 minutes?  ... I could smoke three more before they get home...My smoking has created a huge gap that my husband isnt even aware of. He tells people we dont smoke. Either I am very good at hiding this or he really doesnt want to know, because it has to be obvious, doesnt it? Five days ago I didnt think so. Today Im not so sure.What he doesnt know is that I hid from him. He doesnt know I looked through the windows of my house to see where he was before going in. If I could see him through the window, I would use another door to come in because I wouldnt want him to approach me and smell cigarettes. So, before Id go in the house, Id go to the garden (if I wasnt already there) and pick rosemary, basil, or any pungent herb. I would rub them on my fingers and chew on one. Then, when the coast was clear, Id come into the house and make a beeline for the bathroom for a frantic session of tooth brushing, mouthwash, and hand/face scrubbing. I would use lotion last and rub a small amount in my hair. Only then would I feel somewhat safe. I would finally feel like I could sit down next to my husband or son for awhile and be alright. But then,  inevitably,  I would want another cigarette. The Never Ending Cycle of Nicotine Addiction And thus the circle goes around and around. For the last 16 years, I have been living like someone I dont even recognize. And it was just getting worse and worse. Every time I smoked, I would feel enormous guilt. I am just beginning to realize what life with me must have been like for my family --  constantly distracted, spending most of my time scurrying around, making sure they are settled, catering to their every whim because if they are involved in something else, I could go outside, thinking that  surely they wouldnt look for me if their every need was met? My husband and I decided over a month ago that he would leave for a few weeks to start building our dream home out of state, near his parents (who smoke). I thought I really lucked out. Most every thought that centered around moving next year involved a scene with me and his parents outside on the deck smoking together. Him being gone for a few weeks where I could smoke without risk sounded great.. My son and I will be arriving in July to spend the rest of summer there and then we will all return back home.Since I have had so much time alone, I have had a lot to think about.  I reflected on the insanity that has become my daily life.  I no longer even have a life, really.  I live in a self-imposed prison.  Im both prisoner and jailer, because Im the only one who holds the key to let me out. Suddenly, it became clear to me and I made the biggest decision in my life. I decided to quit smoking.I decided to quit the madness and chaos. I decided to look my addiction in the face and say NO MORE! I dont want our son to smoke. I want to be close to my family. I dont want to burden my family with the cost and pain of a debilitating smoking-related disease (like my father).?? I want to be able to hang out with my non-smoking friends, I want to look forward to traveling and spending time with my husband. I dont want to schedule my time around smoking. I want to be free of the hold smoking has over me. I Picked a Day to Quit A friend suggested  making a quit date. I did. I began obsessing over my quit date. I asked everyone I could think of for advice. I called 1-800-no-butts. It was after-hours and I listened to every available bit of information they could provide on their answering machine. I read the articles about smoking cessation at Verywell.com.  This site inspired me. I finally felt like I could do it. I decided to do it. I asked my mother for help. I asked my sister for help. I asked my son for help.Meanwhile, my husband knows nothing about my smoking, much less me quitting it. He does not know how I cry myself to sleep for being such a horrible wife. He doesnt know how I wish I could take back every moment that I smoked, just to spend that time with him because I miss him so much. He doesnt know that I am a selfish, manipulative person, or how sorry I am that I didnt realize who I had become or what this addiction was doing to us.I am going to just be brave and reach out to you through my stor y, because I am so tired. I am tired of keeping secrets, I am tired of pushing people away, I am tired of being ashamed, and I am tired of being sorry. I am tired of hiding and being someone Im not.This is the fifth day since I quit. I will not smoke today. I will not be the person I hate.I have a fiery determination and indefinite patience to remain free from smoking. I will rise above the smoke. I am starting to feel good about myself again.The nicotine withdrawal of the last 5 days have been physically tough: Nausea, sweats, headaches, and a feeling of emptiness.??But there is truth.That is what I have and that is what keeps me going.Thanks for letting me share my terrible secrets with you. It helps so much for me to look at myself honestly. Ive havent done that for a long time. Thanks for being there and letting me reach out.~Kay~ More quit stories from closet smokers: Freedom After 40 Years - Nenejunes Story The Double Life of a Secret Smoker - Nope55s Story I Always Smoked in Secret - Michelles Story

Domestic Violence Effects On Children - 2864 Words

The news consists of new and repeating stories everyday whether it involves something life changing or something just to lighten up someone’s day such as a baby laughing gone viral. There is one topic that consistently makes its way into the spotlight; domestic violence. Domestic violence is defined as: violent or aggressive behavior within the home; typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or a partner. As this definition is being analyzed, many situations may graze our minds, especially recently. The question is, does domestic violence have an effect on children. Although many people seem to believe that they are not influenced easily, it is proven that a person retains and remembers the most as an infant growing into a child and those whom have experienced domestic violence second handily grow into experiencing it first handily. Domestic violence is a very controversial topic, especially in the female community considering whom all it effects. It is known to come f rom within the heart of our own homes whether the outside world knows or not. As a child grows up in a household full of multiple personalities, he or she begins to retain a lot of the activities performed from inside of the household. It is proven that those who were raised around domestic violence have had it affect their life in one way or another, but how could it be blamed upon a child. It is kind of hard to believe that a person who cannot remember their first birthday remember how their lovedShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1529 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1387 Words   |  6 Pages Literature Review: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children By Taralyn Dean SW 8570 March 11, 2015 Introduction Today this paper will be exploring the affects of intimate partner domestic violence and how this impacts the children. The children of theses situations are the bystanders of these physical and emotional events. This paper will review in depth what other professionals are saying about the children of the domestic violence relationships and also the findings andRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn a similar study by Ybarra, Wilkens, Lieberman (2007) the goal was to determine if domestic violence leads to functioning shortfalls, and what its effects it has on a child’s behavioral and cognitive functioning. In homes where domestic violence happens, young children are more likely to witness violence than older children. It was hypothesized that children who witnessed violence at home had lower verbal capabilities, and would display greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors. ParticipantsRead MoreEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence which includesRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emotional distress and suicide depending on the severityRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children And Children1541 Words   |  7 Pageslife. Domestic abused affect women and children. Lots of women are more at risk in their own home. Spouse abuses happen when one person in the marriage chooses to control the other party by using fair intimidation physical, emotional abuse. Domestic violence displaced many families because they are trying to get away from their abuser. Abuse can range from physical, mentally, emotional or psychological. One of every 5 woman are said to have experience an abuse from their partner. The effect of DomesticRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children908 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Domestic Violence on Children by Mary Pelham English 1010-19 5 October 2011 Pelham i Outline I. Effects on younger children A. Feelings of deprivation Read MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Many children witness domestic violence each day. Most times, children witness their mothers being abuse by their fathers, step-fathers, or mother’s boyfriends. According to Couchenour and Chrisman (2011), â€Å"Women and children are at greater risk of being victims of abuse than are men† (p. 131). Witnessing violence or being abused at home has serious effects on children. This article explains the short-term and long-term effects that domestic violence hasRead MoreEffects Of Domestic Violence On Children990 Words   |  4 Pagesexposed to domestic violence at an early age, that child adapts to these adverse circumstance and situations (Holmes, 2013). Therefore, children who are regularly exposed to domestic violence may initially display less aggressive behaviors than children who are never exposed. However, this is due to their fear of being a victim of a physical assault (Holmes, 2013). This finding was interesting because it shows how deeply the children are affe cted by exposure to domestic violence. The children become

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Audiences and Spectatorship Free Essays

string(38) " audiences as being passive entities\." Are audiences’ vulnerable pawns ensnared under the manipulative and calculating control of the media or, do audiences’ actively engage in the media by constructing their own interpretations and meanings of the world? This is an extremely controversial issue that is extensively debated all around the world. Some view audiences as being easily influenced masses of people who can be persuaded to purchase products and conform to societies ideals or even follow corrupt leaders through advertising. There have also been fears that the media may alter the way people behave for example, being more violent and aggressive. We will write a custom essay sample on Audiences and Spectatorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other side of the coin, there are theorists who believe that the media has a great deal less influence over audiences then is hypothesized. This is the central argument that this essay will be debating, to conclude whether audiences are passive individuals who are targeted victims of the media, or whether they are active and are thus not fictitious cohorts who believe everything they are told or watch in the media. To avoid misrepresentation the definition and differentiation of audiences is crucial. An Audience is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ dictionary definition. There are two types of audiences that are marketed in the media-mass and niche. The mass audience includes people of different social cultures, different degrees of class and wealth and people with varying grades of education. The mass is composed of individuals who are oblivious to each other and who, in an ocean of people, don’t individually stand out. Due to this oblivion, members of the mass audience rarely interact and this lack of interaction means little exchange of experiences. A niche is that part of the audience, being relatively small in size, that marketers produce and can thus be easily targeted, producing only a small but secure profit. Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written; members of an audience will have prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are. † (Abercrombie, 1996:140) Mass media assumes that its audiences are credulous, susceptible and incompetent. This is however challenged by the idea of an ‘active audience’ in which individuals are not mere sheep that follow the flock but individuals who possess agency over their lives and the messages they receive. As Philip Hanes (2000) states, meanings are encoded by the producer into the media text and the audiences decodes the meaning from the text. â€Å"†¦ this intended message is not simply dumped into the minds of passive audiences†¦ â€Å"(Croteau and Hoynes, 2000:263), the producer inscribes a specific meaning in the text that he/she hopes to be decoded, but encodes it by the conventions of the particular medium so as to hide the texts own ideological construction. This concealed message is then decoded by the audience according to external influences such as class, ethnicity, gender, age etc. Thus a text could mean completely different things to different audiences meaning that no text has only one meaning and is thus polysemic. ‘Reception Analysis’ suggests the audience themselves help to create the meaning of the text by individually decoding the intended message in different ways according to the mood one may be in or as a result of ones own beliefs and morals. So we can conclude that audiences create their own meanings from the text and are thus not mere passive adherents. However, Its is also shown that media texts contain an excess of meanings within them and thus, â€Å"media contains the raw materials for multiple interpretations; the texts are structured in ways that facilitate peoples reading against the grain†¦ the most successful texts will have components that appeal to different audiences† (Croteau and Hoynes, 2000:266-267) As with all debates it is imperative to discuss and analyze certain theories pertaining to that debate. Firstly, it is important to note that the media only has a limited influence and effect on audiences. As Klapper(1960) demonstrates, â€Å"persuasive mass communication is in general more likely to reinforce the existing opinions of its audience than it is to change its opinion. † The idea of ‘Selectivity† deals with the idea of the resistant audience-it is up to the audience to resist the manipulative powers of the media and be not only cognizant of its manipulative capacity but bend these manipulations in favour of themselves. The Gratifications theory is in support of the premise that audiences are active. This theory testifies that we do not engage in media texts as â€Å"some kind of mindless entertainment. â€Å"(Baker) but make choices over what we consume and thus presume to get something out of it, some form of satisfaction. The types of gratification that we incur comprise of: satisfying our curiosity regarding the world-information; finding ones personal identity by looking to others i. e. celebrities for assistance and corroboration; to find out more about others circumstances and for social interaction(Media allows for communication amongst friends. ); and lastly for pure entertainment. Agenda setting’ deals with the notion that although there is an abundance of media messages being thrown at the audience, the audience intercepts this bombardment with their prior beliefs and attitudes. Thus media effects are limited because the audience practices a degree of autonomy. The Marketplace Model positions the audience in the rank of the consumer. This model states that audiences are not inert victims of the media but enthusiastically elect to choose commodities that satisfy their desires and preferences. This model suggests that audiences are realistic and clued-up and know exactly what it is they want. Their preferences allow them to pick and choose the viewing they wish to indulge in and if â€Å"the audience demands diverse content, then the marketplace will provide it. â€Å"(Webster and Phalen, 1994:29) This model insinuates that in view of the fact that audiences actively engage in their choice of viewing they, to a certain degree, have power over the media. One must, however, not be too hasty in succumbing to the notion of the active audience because there is a proliferation of theories regarding audiences as being passive entities. You read "Audiences and Spectatorship" in category "Papers" The debate concerning audiences being passive victims of the media and media being capable of radically effecting people’s behavior and beliefs, dates far back into history. An extremely appropriate illustration of this is when Hitler and Stalin attempted to use the media as propaganda by persuading the mass audiences to follow their policies and beliefs. Thus we can see how what an extremely precarious weapon media can be in the wrong hands, capable even of convincing millions to follow iniquitous beliefs. We see this persuasion still today in elections which is the same sort of propaganda. The Effects model of media audiences assumes that being exposed to adverse content can result in harm, that the audience is equally harmed by the media withholding high-quality content and the fact that although beneficial content is made accessible, it is being underused by the audience. â€Å"The Commodity Model is less wedded to any notion of audiences as individual decision makers and is more a reflection of the fact that, under advertiser support, they are a common coin of exchange. (Webster, 1994:30) Audiences are thus seen as commodities; the media will construct a text, in such a way that it will produce an audience. An example of this is the show Friends and how it is theorized that this show is actually a method of selling beauty products. Friends features stunning people, in amusing situations who are all blissful. Thus young audiences wanting to follow the latest trends of the main characters and experience their happiness would buy the beauty products sponsoring the show. In the argument pro passivity, â€Å"The Frankfurt School, who were concerned about the possible effects of mass media†¦ considered society to be composed of isolated individuals who were susceptible to media messages. â€Å"(Hanes, 2000) Thus the theory of the Hypodermic Syringe was proposed. This theory states that the media takes on the life of a syringe by injecting principles, and beliefs into the audience, who as passive mass viewers have no option but to be influenced and accept or imitate these messages. An example of this is if you see a woman sweeping the floor, being a woman you would go and do the same or being a man, you would expect the woman to go and sweep the floor. † Certain films such as the Exorcist were banned for this very reason; it was felt that it might encourage people to imitate the acts of violence in the film, in other words, if you watch something violent you will accordingly perform a violent act yourself. Yet another theory supporting the passivity debate is the Cultivation theory. This theory surmises that although an individual media text might not impact or affect an individual, years and years of being exposed to violence may consequently make you less sensitive and responsive to violence. If an audience, for instance, is constantly exposed to domestic violence, it may not bother them too much because they have been desensitized and domestic violence may have become just another societal norm which is exceptionally problematic. Yet another theory hypothesizes that we are likely to communicate our media encounters with others, and if we value their judgment, the likelihood is that we will be influenced by it and thus come to a deduction concerning our experience established on the foundation of the ‘opinion leaders’. These theories give us a great deal of insight into the reality of the audience as a passive victim. It is imperative that mention is given of how violence in the media can influence audiences as this is an integral part favouring the audience as victims’ debate. It seems evident that by observing violent or aggressive acts on television and film, audiences are learn behaviors which are appropriate, in other words, which behaviors will be punished and which are rewarded. Audiences imitate those behaviors which are positively rewarded. For instance, if the protagonist is in a fight scene with the ‘enemy,’ although the enemy may get punished by being defeated by the protagonist and thus the protagonist be rewarded for defeating evil, the protagonist himself was still involved in the violence and aggression. What is problematic is the fact that the protagonist is seen as the hero and is in turn imitated by audiences as it is seen as a good thing. So we can assume that violence in television and film is encoded and continuous viewing of this violence can help to maintain aggressive thoughts and violent ideas. It is also evident how the media may allow for the release of tension and desires through identification with fictional characters. Violent acts in the media may also erode inbuilt inhibitions against acting violently. Through the attraction of television and films, audiences acquire an imprecise comprehension of society, realism and moral values. Although the many theories surrounding the debate of whether audiences are passive or active are extremely influential, they have also been criticized. Firstly, the Gratifications theory can be criticized as it disregards the actuality that we do not always have absolute selection as to what we receive from the media. We typically have to choose the media that we consume from what is available. This emasculates the Gratification theory since we may not all have the equal prospects to utilize and benefit from the media merchandise we want. The Hypodermic Model can also be criticized on account of it being too simplistic and disregarding audiences’ individuality. There is a definite association between the mass media and social change but many of the consequences attributed to the mass media can also be attributed to many other influences within society, thus the extensive debate. In weighing up the evidence of whether mass media is influential or not, it is clearly identifiable that the media does play a major role in the construction of representations in society. Therefore we see how the media is used as a powerful instrument in influencing audiences into certain modes and beliefs within society. So we can deduce from the arguments presented in this essay that while audiences are passive victims of an all-encompassing world of messages, they too are active in that they can rebel against the medias domination by ardently participating in it or by resisting it. How to cite Audiences and Spectatorship, Papers

Maternal Love Is Selfless Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"A mother’s love is altruistic. † With mention to one or more characters in The Chrysalids. measure whether this statement is true. On the surface. several of the adult females in The Chrysalids appear to be devoted female parents who prove the statement true. Remembering Aunt Harriet and Martie Wender’s actions. David â€Å" [ admirations ] how many female parents there might be who [ are ] turning a blind oculus towards affairs that [ do ] non really conflict the Definition of the True Image – and possibly to things that [ do ] conflict it. † It seems that many female parents are willing to put on the line interrupting the jurisprudence in order to protect their kids. therefore turn outing that â€Å"a mother’s love is altruistic. † However. closer scrutiny of The Chrysalids will uncover that these mothers’ self-absorbed desire to keep their place in society is the primary motive for their actions. non concern for their progeny. The jurisprudence in Labrador is that Blasphemies will be sterilized and banished to the Fringes. However. we know that the authorities in Rigo is non a totalitarian 1. as it has abolished the combustion of â€Å"Blasphemies† in response to advocators who campaigned for more merciful intervention. The fact that the dehumanising pattern of labeling certain kids as â€Å"Blasphemies† is still enforced by the jurisprudence shows that female parents in Labrador do non violently and passionately oppose it. Rather than protect their kids by coercing the authorities to alter the jurisprudence. the adult females submit to the governments. By non disputing the â€Å"Definition of Man† . the female parents protect themselves from hazard. and can keep their position in society. Although at first glimpse Aunt Harriet seems the prototype of loving maternity in the text. she really best exemplifies my statement. Aunt Harriet’s desperate and mortifying entreaty to Emily Strorm to trade babes seems to be a altruistic attempt to protect her kid. However. in her supplication for aid to Emily. she says. â€Å"Henry will turn me out. I think. He’ll find another married woman. who can give him proper kids. There’ll be nil – nil in the universe for me – nil. † These remarks reveal that she fears for her ain hereafter. Aunt Harriet knows that in Labrador. if a adult female bears three deviational kids. her hubby has the right to direct her away. She will efficaciously go an friendless – as detested and impoverished as any mutation. Emily and Harriet’s eldest sister Hannah â€Å"had been sent off by her hubby. and cipher had heard of her since. † Aunt Harriet has antecedently consented to the sterilisation a nd ostracism of two of her kids. The chief ground she approaches Emily with this baby is that she herself is now at hazard of being sent off. This loss of position is her primary motive. non altruistic love for her babe. Some may indicate out that Martie Wender is a better illustration of loving maternity. She goes to great lengths to hide Sophie’s mutant. and the first chapter where she bathes Sophie’s conceited pes clearly shows she is a stamp caretaker. However. we see that she is non willing to travel every bit far as Sophie’s male parent. John. will travel to protect Sophie. When Sophie’s parents recognize she has been discovered by the boy of the notoriously legalistic Joseph Strorm. John Wender knows â€Å"a dead male child could interrupt no promise. † In the same manner that Uncle Axel has the tummy to kill Alan Ervin to protect David. it is likely John Wender is willing to extinguish the menace to Sophie. David speculates. â€Å"Perhaps Mrs Wender saved me. † I argue that Martie’s ground for non moving resolutely to maintain Sophie’s secret is that she wishes to continue the position quo. Equally far as possible. she wants nil to alter and is non willing to acquire her custodies dirty. Her reluctance to release her topographic point in Labrador society can be seen from her reaction when Sophie is eventually found out by Alan Ervin. Unlike John. who is ready to fly at a moment’s notice. Martie is â€Å"pale and hard-pressed. † She calls. and John has to firmly province the urgency of the affair to her before she is able to acquire up and battalion. One wonders if Martie would hold taken sufficient action to protect Sophie had John non been present. Martie’s desire to continue her comfy life in Labrador is at least as strong a motive for her actions as her love for Sophie. One can see from the submissive. conforming attitudes of other female parents in the novel. like Emily Strorm and Rosalind’s female parent. that they cherish their topographic point in society. They will travel every bit far as privacy and abetting an flight to protect their kids. but will be given non to set about actions that involve immediate personal hazard. In amount. the stereotype of a self-sacrificial female parent does non use to the characters of The Chrysalids. We see from the illustrations of Aunt Harriet and Martie Wender that while they are fond female parents. the desire to keep their topographic point in society can play a more powerful portion in actuating their actions than maternal love. This may be a broader remark by John Wyndham on the annihilating effects of favoritism. The universe is genuinely dystopian when fright and the inherent aptitude for self-preservation displace something as cardinal and intrinsic as a mother’s love. [ 1 ] . totalitarian: a signifier of authorities in which the political authorization exercises absolute control over all facets of life and all resistance is suppressed [ 2 ] . prototype: a perfect or ideal illustration [ 3 ] . destitute: deficient resources or the agencies of subsistence ; impoverished [ 4 ] . legalistic: strict. actual attachment to the jurisprudence or to a peculiar codification of faith or morality [ 5 ] . relinquish: give up [ 6 ] . abetting: blessing and assisting[ 7 ] . intrinsic: indispensable to the nature of a thing ; built-in

Nigerian Judiciary and the defence of the common man Essay Example

Nigerian Judiciary and the defence of the common man Essay In line with the doctrine of separation of powers, which is a cardinal feature of a democratic system, the Nigerian Constitution guarantees the independence of the Judiciary. The doctrine of seperation of power was introduced by French political philosopher, Baron de Montesquieu in order to protect the people from dictatorship or authoritarianism. Under this arrangement, three branches of goverment were formed: the executive, legislature and judiciary. The legislature is responsible for making laws, the executive implements while the judiciary interpretes the laws. It was Madisons system of Checks and Balances that would keep the three in check. No one branch would be able to exploit its power without the scrutiny of one of the other branches. Montesquieu did specify that the independence of the judiciary has to be real, and not apparent merely. The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of powers, independent and unchecked, and also considered the least dangerous. That the judiciary all over the world is regarded as the last hope of the common man needs not be over-emphasised. This is why stakeholders in the justice sector often refer to it as a strong fortress, standing sure and strong, providing succour and shelter for the defenceless and vulnerable of the society; a safe haven where the oppressed, the injured, the dismayed, the upstanding, the expectant, indeed the whole society, looks up to for succour, protection and justice. But in Nigeria today, many see this statement, not only as literary expression, but as a cliche that is fast becoming a mirage to the common man because of the multitude of problems plaguing this hallowed instituton. We will write a custom essay sample on Nigerian Judiciary and the defence of the common man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nigerian Judiciary and the defence of the common man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nigerian Judiciary and the defence of the common man specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A well functional judiciary is a central element of the civil society. It is the sole adjudicator over the political, social and economic spheres. But despite the encomiums the Nigerian judiciary has received in recent time, the justice sector has practically collapsed under the weight of abject neglect by past administrations. The sector is slow in dispensing justice. Laws are archaic and antiquated, court infrastructures are obsolete and the prisons are over-crowded resulting in the collapsed of civil and criminal justice system. The Nigerian judiciary has come a long way since its establishment during the colonial era. The Nigerian legal system has had a lot of influence from English law on its growth. According to Obilade (1979), English law has a tremendous influence on the Nigerian legal system, and English law forms a substantial part of Nigerian law. Both the suspended 1979 constitution and the never implemented 1989 constitutions, as well as the new constitution promulgated on May 29, 1999 provide for an independent judiciary. In practice, the judiciary is subject to executive and legislative branch pressure, influence by political leaders at both the state and federal levels, and suffers from corruption and inefficiency. Under the 1999 constitution, the regular court system comprises federal and state trial courts, state appeals courts, the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Supreme Court, and Shariah (Islamic) and customary (traditional) courts of appeal for each state and for the federal capital territory of Abuja. Courts of the first instance include magistrate or district courts, customary or traditional courts, Shariah courts, and for some specified cases, the state high courts. In principle, customary and Shariah courts have jurisdiction only if both plaintiff and defendant agree, but fear of legal costs, delays, and distance to alternative venues encourage many litigants to choose these courts. Trials in the regular court system are public and generally respect constitutionally protected individual rights, including a presumption of innocence, the right to be present, to confront witnesses, to present evidence, and to be represented by legal counsel. However, low compensation for judges, understaffing, poor equipment, bribery, special settlements, and a host of developmental factors decrease the reliability and impartiality of the courts. The Nigerian judiciary has indeed come a long way and has evolved over the years from the 1st republic through the various military interventions to the present 5th republic. The judiciary has not been immune to the turbulent and capricious changes in leadership. Nigerias chequerd political and social evolution has indeed taken its toll on this indispensable institution of Government. Our prolonged romance with military regimes has unarguably wrecked the greatest havoc on the judiciary. The military regimes, notorious for their trademark of arbitrariness, authoritarianism and contempt for the rule of law did not regard the judiciary as an arm of government. Instead, these corrupt and unconscionable military regimes with intimidation and inducements manipulated the judiciary and effectively debased this institution. The decay of the Nigerian judiciary can therefore be traced to the military era. The soldiers always suspend the constitution when they come to power and enact decrees that guide their actions. Intimidation, extra judicial killings and assasination of dissenters which is usually the hallmark of military government all contributed to the castration and destruction of the judiciary. The massive corruption that takes place under military regime also lures some unscrupulous and rapacious judicial officers who make themselves stooges in the hands of the evil men in power just for a share of the filthy lucre. So, the military rule has had a particularly corrosive effect on the judiciary. As Justice Agboola recently put it: The aberration of military regimes dealt a dangerous blow to law because military regimes engendered lawlessness. You cannot have law when sombody is above the law. Law must be supreme. Nigeria, as a country has not lived up to the expectations of her founders in terms of overall development in different aspects of life. Nigeria is still bedevilled by various problems which has successfully impeded our adancement as a nation. Corruption is generally regarded as the bane of this country. Corrution at the different levels of government in different institutions has curtailed development in all critical sectors. Basic amenities like steady electricity, water and good roads are still beyond the reach of the citizenry. Free and fair elections have eluded us and power is still in the hands of a few privileged elite class who continue to manipulate the electoral process to install their stooges to continue the cycle of self enrichment and political aggrandizement. Corruption is indeed endemic in Nigeria; it is a way of life and in this situation, one would be stretching optimism to its greatest boundaries to expect the judiciary to be above board. With the pervasve and chronic corruption in this country and its evil offsprings: opportunism, nepotism, incompetence and mediocrity, no institution of government is wholly functional and efficient. Corrution has infiltrated all institutions and parastatals and even our learned judges are not immune. In a corrupt system like ours, meritocracy and competence are substituted with mediocrity and incompetence. A corrupt system throws up unscrupulous and incompetent individuals who are bereft of selflessness and patriotism. These individuals are greeedy and selfish, and are susceptible to financial inducements and gratifications. In such an unfortunate scenario, justice becomes a product which is sold to the highest bidders. The comon man, who do not have the finacial muscle to buy judicial favors or manipulate the process is left with the short end of the stick. In such an ill-concieved system, there certainly can be no justice for the commin man. The return of Nigeria to democatic rule was heralded by great joy and overflowing optimism. The Nigerian masses were full of hope that the years of suffering, poverty and injustice were over. The newly sworn in administration made mouth watering promises. We were told that our decaying infrastrucures will be revamped, that the educational and health system will be refurbished and upgraded, that there will be masive industrialization which will create jobs for the swarm of unemployed youths. The new government also promised to address the numerous human rights abuses of the autocratic military regimes and to respect the rule of law. Nigerians gullibly swallowed all the lofty promises and with high hopes, prepared themselves for the ride to the promised land. Alas, the implementation of the sweet promises proved not to only be an ardous task, but an impossible one. The first indication that the status quo was not about to change in the judicial system was the failure of the Justice Chukwudifu Oputa panel which was set up to investigate and resolve cases of human rights abuse during the military era. Victims attended the hearings and passionately presented their cases. But the various individuals, especially the ex military rulers indicted, snubbed the panel and refused to answer the summons. The government did nothing to make these people respect the panel which really undermined the credibility of the panel. Obviously, the hands of the government was tied because some of the indicted individuals bankrolled the campaign of the sitting president. At the end of the hearings, the renowned Justice Oputa and his colleagues made recommendations to the government which it contemptuously ignored and failed to implement till this day. Another case that comes to mind is that of the Apo 6 victims. These were 5 young men and a lady who were brutally murdered in cold blood on 7th june,2005 on the orders of a ruthless senior poice officer, Assistant commissioner of police Ibrahim Danjuma. At the time, the case generated much controversy and outrage. The police officers tried to lie by labelling the innocent victims armed robbers. These accusations were unanimously rejected by people who knew these young men as honest men engaged in legitimate business. Owing to the furore generated by the massacre, the federal government under former president Olusegun Obasanjo set up a judicial panel of inquiry which investigated the circumstances leading to the death of the victims. The panel rejected the police accusations and indicted the policemen for the gruesome murder of the innocent citizens. The federal government apologized to the families of the victims and gave them monetary compensation. The case was then transferred to court for the prosecution of the indicted police officers. One would expect that given the international attention attracted by the case and the intense media scrutiny, that the federal government would spare no efforts to ensure a expeditious and sound trial. Unfortunately, that was not the case, a year and two months after this welter of incontrovertible evidence was gathered, two of the accused, Deputy Commissioner of Police Ibrahim Danjuma and Police Constable Emmanuel Acheneje were granted bail by Justice Isaq Bello of Abuja High Court. That was on Wednesday, August 2, 2006. The two were admitted to bail on medical ground. While Danjuma was said to be suffering from diabetes, ulcer and heart problem, Acheneje was said to have contracted the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and in the Justices opinion, granting Bello bail would enable him seek adequate medical treatment while that of Acheneje was predicated on the excuse that he could afflict other inmates with other ailments, which come with HIV/AIDS. And you would have thought that if for any reason whatsoever, such a man standing trial for so dreadful a crime was to be granted bail, the conditions would be so stringent, particularly bearing in mind that Danjuma had made several attempts in the past to escape from detention and also the fact that one of the principal suspects, Othman Abdulsalam, the DPO of Garki Police Station at the time the crime was committed escaped from the police detention facility and is still on the run. The case narrated above is just one of numerous cases in which average citizens are denied justice and the privileged are allowed to commit crimes with impunity. I am sure that there are cases that are far worse than this, but this one happened to come to limelight. The situation in Nigeria today is that the ordinary man has lost hope in the Nigerian judicial system. The problems are numerous and apart from corrruption, which is clearly at the root of all problems in this country, the system is run by unpatriotic and mediocre people. Approximately seventy percent of the inmates in all the prisons in this country are awaiting trial. The judicial process is so tardy and sluggish in this country that some people serve out the term of their alleged crimes before the completion of their trials. The case is even worse for poor people who may not be able to afford legal representation. The Nigerian prison system is a mess and the conditions in most of them are worse than that in Hitlers concentration camps. The police have no respect for the rule of law and ordinary citizens are sometimes treated like animals. Sometimes, people arrested for various crimes are held in police detention for extensive periods of time without reference to the stipulations of the law book for the maximum period people can be detained without trial. The police force being one of the most corrupt institutions in this country also exploits the masses blatantly by charging outrageous fees for bail and demanding financial inducements from the weak and desperate. Most analysts and stakeholders have concluded that unnecessary and frequent delays experienced in judicial proceedings have great adverse effects on the administration of justice in Nigeria. This situation is brought about by the congestion of cases in the courts as well as unnecessary adjournments sought by counsels in both civil and criminal proceedings. Recently, eminent jurist, Justice Chukwufudi Oputa, (JSC) identified delay and huge expense as twin weaknesses of Nigerias justice system. Justice Oputa said: The administration of the justice in our courts suffers from two major constraints, namely delay and expense. If it takes seven to ten years to decide a case, prospective litigants may decided not to go to court at all. But the one thing that frightens prospective litigants from the court is the inordinate expense which has to be incurred with the result that a very large proportion of our countrymen are as it were, priced out of our legal system. The present administration of President Umaru go slow Yaradua which made lofty promises of respecting the rule of law has failed to live up to expectations. There has been no reforms designed nor implemented in this institution and the status quo has been maintained. The rich are still sheltered from justice and there are still cases of judicial witch hunt. This is evidenced by the shabby handling by the EFCC of the prosecution of the corrupt ex-governors like James Ibori. The Federal government if anything has gone out of its way to protect these corrupt politicians fro the hands of justice. We all watched with shame as the Attorney general succesfully frustrated the prosecution of Ibori and his accomplices by the United kingdom. such a macabre dance can only make credible nations to scoff at the governments anti-corruption battle and further distance themselves from this cursed land. It is well known that there are two sets of rules in this country,one for the poor and another for the rich and privileged. The only area in our judicial system where we have recorded marginal success is in the election petition tribunals although it can be argued that this does not directly apply to the common man, because in most cases,the litigators are affluent members of the society. Nevertheless, this piece cannot be complete without mentioning the landmark judgements that has come out of the election tribunals in recent times. The success of Gov peter Obi at the electoral tribunals and his subsequent reinstatement by the supreme court is worthy of mention. Also, the victory of Adams Oshiomole was also remarkable given the fact that he was clearly elected on a popular mandate. Some other noteworthy judgements were bastardized by the sleazy and stinking INEC, Nigerians corrupt electoral body notorious for being an appendage of the ruling peoples democratic party. This is evidenced by the cases in Kogi,Enugu and most recently, Ekiti where the gubernatorial elections were upturned only for the shameless electoral umpire to reenact the same electoral sham. Lately, Nigeria once again made mockery of itself in the international community following the mayhem that occured in some northern states during the crash of the radical islamic sect, Boko harem with security agencies. The leader of the sect was captured and killed in police custody igniting widespread international condemnation. It is indeed, very unfortunate and distressing that in the year 2009, when less endowed countries are making progress and undergoing widespread advancement, Nigeria is still indulging in extrajudicial killing. No matter the magnitude of the crime committed, every individual is entitled to fair hearing. All accused remain innocent until convicted by a legitimate court of law. This is a basic knowlege and for the police force to disregard that shows that we still have a very long wy to go as a country. In conclusion, the fate of the common man in the hands of the Nigerian judiciary is bleak and forlorn. Infact, there is no justice for the common man in our present judicial system. The judicial system needs to be completely overhauled for it to function in line with international standards. Of course, reforming the judicial system cannot be effective without overhauling the police force which is in an even worse shape. We have to purge this country of corruption for us to make any tangible progress in this regard. We need responsible, honest and committed leadership and only a credible electoral process can produce that. Only a responsible and selfless government can implement people-oriented reforms which will impact on the various institutions in this country including the judiciary so that they can function in line with the prevailing standards in developed countries. Till then, the fate of the common man in this country remains in Gods hands.

Coles English Q W1 Essay

Coles English Q W1 Essay Coles English Q W1 Essay On the weekend of January 7-9, more than 30 peaceful protestors from throughout California joined forces in the California desert’s Chuckwalla Valley at the Corn Springs Road exit/overpass along Interstate 10, east of Desert Center, to register their opposition to the 46,000-acres of public desert lands, including a large area of Chuckwalla Valley, approved for construction on public California desert lands under the Obama Administration’s federal â€Å"fast-track† renewable energy program, as well as to the hundreds of thousands of acres pending approval for similar projects. Included among the protestors were representatives from La Cuna de Aztlan Sacred Sites Protection Circle; Citizens for the Chuckwalla Valley; Mojave Desert Watch; the Sierra Club; Desert Survivors; and Basin and Range Watch, which sponsored the protest. The protest featured desert residents and visitors from afar, and offered educational materials to the many people who visited the protest. In addition, a colorful assemblage of Aztec Dancers from Needles, along with Native American singers and drummers from the Chemehuevi Nation performed for several hours atop the Corn Springs Road overpass. Concerns registered by the sponsors and participants in the protest included: the impending destruction of 17,000 known archaeological sites in the California desert; threats to endangered wildlife species, such as the California Desert Tortoise - large numbers of which have been â€Å"re-located† at Ivanpah, where construction has already begun - and widespread disturbance of desert topsoil, a major CO2 generator. Protestors also voiced concerns over threats to air quality, a severe strain on already-limited water supplies, and irreversible threats to the fragile desert ecosystem. â€Å"What the fast-track energy program threatens to do to the remaining pristine areas of the California desert is the equivalent of clear-cutting old-growth redwood trees in the Pacific Nor thwest,† says Ruth Nolan, desert author/scholar and Professor at College of the Desert. â€Å"Those of us at the protest were registering our concerns and hoping to forestall imminent plans to turn the California desert into a massive industrial zone, leading to an inevitable ecological collapse.† Protestors emphasized that they are not opposed to renewable energy, but to the environmentally, culturally, and archaeologically threatening potentials of the massive-scale wind and solar approved or pending approval on the fast-track program. Laura Cunningham, one of the protest organizers, noted that an important focus in the Chuckwalla Valley gathering was to raise awareness of the opportunities for smaller-scale renewable energy programs. â€Å"When people are educated with the facts to the alternatives that are truly green instead of raping the desert, they agree,† she says. â€Å"We reached a lot of people this weekend with our protest, and education is so impor tant in forming an opinion.† Alfredo Acosta Figueroa, founder of La Cuna de Atzlan, which recently filed a lawsuit against the federal government - along with CARE (Californians for Renewable Energy) and six individual Native Americans - was also at the protest. â€Å"We have a MOU (memorandum of understanding) with the BLM for the protection of sacred sites, including geoglyphs that are threatened by Big Solar. We had to sue the government to halt construction of the Blythe proposal.† A separate lawsuit has also been filed by the Quechan Indian Tribe against the U.S. government on behalf of a renewable energy project proposed in the Imperial Valley. Other already-approved renewable energy sites spread across a large area of public California desert lands, primarily in San Bernardino and Riverside counties, include the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating Project, the

Information System Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information System Development - Essay Example   Ã‚  The third stage is system design, which specifies the functions and operations of the new system. The fourth stage is system acquisition, where an organization purchases the necessary components of the system. The fifth stage is system implementation, where the responsible personnel installs and tests the new system to make it operational (Papadopoulos, 2008). The final stage is system maintenance, where there are regular adjustments to maintain its operational status until the system’s life elapses.   The approaches to system development have their differences. The System Development Life Cycle uses stages of system development, and therefore requires a lot of time to implement. The other approach is prototyping, which involves the creation of an experimental model in a quicker and cheaper manner. The other approach is use of packages, where an organization purchases fully developed programs. The other approach is the End-user development, where an organization buil ds a system with less technical assistance, using the end-users. Finally, outsourcing is the other approach, where an organization uses external vendors for the development and operation of its information system (Davies, 2011).   In the conception activities of system development, there is the creation of a feasibility report and formulation of recommendations regarding a system. System analysis involves data collection, analysis, and documentation. For instance, the data collection occurs through interviews or observations, for the determination and documentation.

Project risk and Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project risk and Procurement - Essay Example The differences appear because the future is not known or is not exactly predictable. Thus, it is evident that risk exists from the onset of an activity. The risks generally arise because either there are hazards within the activity or there is a lack of certainty about the activity which is being undertaken. Therefore, the nature of risks becomes identifiable in terms of information, control and resources (skills, money, time and equipment). Broadly, risk can be classified as litigation, reputation risk and environmental risk (Lansdowne, 1999). For example, one of the major cigarette manufacturing companies had to recall around 3 million cigarettes once it became aware of the fact that their cigarettes were potentially contaminated. This created significant negative publicity for the company and resulted in loss of reputation (Egbuji, 1999). Furthermore, this has also resulted in reduced revenue. In the similar way, Toyota, the giant car manufacturing company had to recall a number of products because of some issues in the braking system. This hampered the reputation of the firm badly (Elsenstein, 2013). However, the activities of Toyota after this incident took place, exemplifies the way how a company should manage its risks. This report seeks to investigate about the different types of risks associated with project management. In addition, the report will also throw light on activities undertaken by companies for managing the risks in small and large projects. The risk measurement techniques usually applied by the companies will be also discussed in this project. Risk in Project Management In the recent past, major corporate disasters such as the Enron Collapse, insolvency of Lehman Brothers etc. have increased the need of efficient corporate governance (Cervone, 2004). Similarly, catastrophic natural disasters, such as Earthquakes, Tsunami and man-made tragedies such as terrorism activities have greatly increased the risk awareness and its consequences (Bar ki, Rivard and Talbot, 2001). A company involved in project activities also encompasses different risk management activities (OGC, 2007; Otway, 1992). There are several types of risks associated with projects such as mechanical engineering, construction projects or information technology projects. In the context of project management, risk is defined as â€Å"a problem that has not happened†, but is yet to occur (Pavlak, 2004, p.20). As a result of that risk management is positioned high in every project manager’s agenda (Pender, 2001). There are various types of risks associated with project management. The most common risks are as follows: - Cost risk: - Cost risk is typically the escalation of the project cost due to improper estimation of the cost and scope creep. The cost risks are directly associated with the financials of the company. One of the most common examples of cost risk is the over budget. Project managers often falter in determining the cost requiremen t of the entire project and as a result of that the budget exceeds and companies experiences financial loss (Williams, 2005). Schedule Risk: - The schedule risk is the type risk in which managers fear that a certain activity will take longer than the expected time. Such kind of

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay

Chocolate Milk As A Sports Recovery Drink Physical Education Essay Sports drinks are a highly lucrative business with many athletes believing they significantly improve performance. However recent research analysing the potential of low-fat milk as a post-exercise recovery aid has shown that highly commercialised carbohydrate-based sports drinks may be less beneficial. I have witnessed the rebranding of drinks such as Mars Refuel being packaged in sports bottles and using athlete endorsement and am interested in its effectiveness in intermittent sports. As a badminton player, I am keen to see whether low-fat milk can be used to aid recovery in varying-intensity intermittent sports. Also, there is currently a new campaign, Milk it for all its Worth, run by the Dairy Council following funding by the EU aiming to promote the health benefits of milk in young people (Dairy Council, 2010). Therefore, it is a good time to be conducting research in this area. Title Is post-exercise consumption of chocolate milk a suitable recovery drink following glycogen-depleting exercise in male badminton players? Literature Review Roy (2008) reviewed the current research on milk and its potential as a sports drink. He recognised that the limited research in this field has been conducted into the recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. The available research suggests milk favourably alters protein metabolism and is more nutrient dense than commercial sports drinks. This review also recognises the need for further research into the possible applications and efficacy of milk as a recovery drink. Recent research has shown that milk consumption immediately and one hour after exercise, is effective for strength and resistance training athletes to increase muscle mass, encourage type II muscle fibre hypertrophy and promote loss of fat mass leading to leaner mass and favourable change in body composition, (Hartman et al. 2007 and Josse et al. 2010). This is topical as young women in particular avoid dairy products believing them to be fattening (Josse et al. 2010). Hartman et al. (2007) tested whether consuming fat-free milk post resistance exercise would promote greater lean mass accretion compared to consumption of soy or an isoenergetic carbohydrate drink in young novice weightlifters. They used a relatively large sample size, increasing reliability. Josse et al. (2010) conducted an equivalent experiment in female athletes producing similar results, verifying Hartman et al.s method. Josse et al. (2010) also theorised milk consumption may have led to increased bone health; howe ver more research is needed for verification. Cockburn et al. (2010) investigated the most effective timing for consumption of a milk recovery drink. They investigated consumption before muscle damaging exercise, immediately after and 24 hours later. The study produced the recommendation that athletes consume milk immediately post-exercise, which would allow the athlete to perform at closer to optimal levels 48 hours later. This corresponds with recommendations from Pritchett et al. (2009). Precise recommendations have been given as 50-75g of carbohydrate consumed 30-45 minutes post-exercise and 1.0-1.5g of carbohydrate.kg-1.h-1 for next few hours (Ivy et al. 2002). Research has also been conducted into the effectiveness of milk for rehydration. Shirreffs et al. (2007) found milk an effective recovery aid following mild exercise-induced dehydration. They compared low-fat milk, low-fat milk with added sodium chloride, a sports drink and water at restoring fluid balance post-exercise. A volume equal to 150% of the volume of body mass lost during exercise was consumed 20 minutes post-exercise to ensure sufficient rehydration. All four drinks initially hydrated participants. However, the gastric emptying rate of milk is much slower than for sports drinks and water. This gave a greater percentage of drink retention with the milk drinks and the subjects remained in a net positive fluid balance and euhydrated at the end of the recovery period (Shirreffs et al. 2007). Conversely, the sports drink and water increased urine output resulting in a net negative fluid balance. There was no difference between the two milk drinks possibly because low-fat milk a lready contains a moderate quantity of sodium, higher than most commercial sports drinks. Research is needed to compare milk and sports drinks containing the same electrolyte content to confirm whether it is the haemodilution effect of sports drinks that led to a negative fluid balance. Low-fat chocolate milk contains the same nutritional benefits as low-fat milk but has been found to be more palatable than popular carbohydrate replacement drinks (Pritchett et al. 2009). Karp et al. (2006) found chocolate milk an effective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts. Their study on endurance-trained cyclists involved glycogen-depleting exercise, a recovery period in which test drinks were consumed and a test to exhaustion. The research showed that both the time to exhaustion and the total work performed was significantly greater following the consumption of chocolate milk compared to a carbohydrate replacement drink with subjects cycling for 49% longer (Karp et al. 2006). However the chocolate milk had no significant difference compared with the fluid replacement drink. The carbohydrate content of the three different drinks in this research were equal, which had not been addressed in previous studies and produced contrasting results showing no significant difference in performance between the different drinks. However the types of carbohydrates and calorie content of the drinks were unequal. Both the chocolate milk and fluid replacement drinks contained a mixture of monosaccharides and disaccharides compared to the complex carbohydrates present in the carbohydrate replacement drink. This may account for the results as the complex carbohydrates may not have completely digested in the 4 hour recovery period. Also the greater number of calories in the chocolate milk may have accounted for the improved performance. Thomas et al. (2009) addressed this problem with a study comparing isocaloric chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks with an isovolumetric fluid. The protocol was also a submaximal (70% VO2max) endurance exercise cycle in a glycogen-depleted state. Participants cycled for 51% longer and 43% longer with post-exercise chocolate milk consumption compared to consumption of carbohydrate replacement and fluid replacement drinks respectively (Thomas et al. 2009). This further supports the usage of chocolate milk as an effective post-exercise recovery drink, following prolonged endurance exercise. This research focuses on endurance athletes and the test to exhaustion is at a moderate intensity suggesting fat may be the predominant fuel source. The increased fat content of chocolate milk and subsequent increased concentrations in free fatty acids circulating in the plasma could account for the increased time to exhaustion, suggesting carbohydrate replacement drinks may be a more b eneficial recovery aid when working at higher intensities. Therefore, this research shows chocolate milk to only be a good recovery aid for moderate endurance exercise. Furthermore, this research was partially funded by Mars U.K. Ltd. which could be a potential source for bias. More recent research has studied this area, finding chocolate milk to be an effective recovery aid for cyclists after intense exercise. (Pritchett et al. 2009). The ratio of carbohydrate to protein in chocolate milk is similar to that in carbohydrate recovery drinks and therefore may help attenuate muscle damage post-exercise. Pritchett et al. (2009) compared chocolate milk and a carbohydrate replacement drink as recovery aids. They investigated the time to exhaustion working at 85% VO2max following intermittent high-intensity training and a 15-18 hour recovery period. Their study showed chocolate milk and carbohydrate replacement drinks are equally effective in attenuating muscle soreness. Time to exhaustion was not significantly different between the two drinks. The study by Pritchett et al. (2009) used drinks that were isocaloric and had equal carbohydrate content. The recovery period was 15-18 hours to allow complex carbohydrates to be broken down and participants worked at 85% VO2max during the test to exhaustion to ensure a greater reliance on carbohydrates as the main fuel source. Despite all this, the participants used to test milk as a recovery aid for high-intensity training were endurance trained cyclists. Therefore this is unrepresentative of athletes who participate in high-intensity intermittent sports. There has been only one recent study into the effects of milk consumption in team sports (Gilson et al. 2010). Training programmes for competitive sports containing varying-intensity intermittent exercise such as football have been shown to deplete muscle glycogen stores. Such programmes should produce similar results in badminton players. Gilson et al. (2010) found that post-exercise chocolate milk compared to carbohydrate consumption had no preferential effect on short-duration, high-intensity exercise. The exercise regime in this study may not have been of an adequate intensity to impair muscle recovery which could explain the results as increases in training volumes were relatively modest. The above evidence shows low-fat milk based drinks to be suitable for rehydration and recovery from endurance and strength training. However, it fails to reach a firm conclusion on whether they are more effective than carbohydrate drinks and lacks analysis on physiological reasons behind the findings. For example, none of these studies directly measures the efficacy of milk to promote muscle glycogen recovery following endurance exercise; only performance is analysed. Admittedly this is harder to achieve. The lack of research into the efficiency of milk as a post-exercise recovery drink to varying-intensity intermittent exercise sports, despite the large market for recovery drinks in this field of sport, has prompted my research. The aim is to find through similar testing as in the studies reviewed whether chocolate milk can be an effective aid for those who participate in varying-intensity intermittent sport, focusing on badminton players. Research problem There will be no significant difference in the time to exhaustion from high-intensity intermittent shuttle running following the consumption of chocolate milk and an isocaloric carbohydrate-based drink during a recovery period post glycogen-depleting exercise. Method Sampling County-level, healthy, male badminton players between the ages of 18-30 will be used (n=14). Other studies have used a sample size of 9 so whilst being realistic the increase should provide more reliable results. Well-trained athletes will be used to avoid mood or learning impacting performance. The standard will be defined as a minimum of 6 hours training per week, playing for their county and minimum of 3 years playing badminton. The Leicestershire Badminton Association (LBA) will be contacted to provide the participants needed. Snowball sampling may be used to gain participants or random sampling to reduce numbers if necessary. Lactose intolerance volunteers will be excluded. Procedure The procedure will be based on the Thomas et al. (2009) study, but will focus on intermittent exercise. This will be a crossover and fully counter-balanced study. Each participant will complete glycogen-depleting exercise to exhaustion, followed by a recovery period and an experimental trial on three occasions. Participants will be asked to arrive in a fully rested, hydrated state and to have refrained from strenuous exercise for 24 hours. They will be required to complete a 3 day food diary prior to each trial. They will be asked to arrive at the same time of day for each trial to minimise diurnal variation and this will be in the morning following an overnight fast. Participants will come for a familiarisation trial where they will be fully informed of all the risks and basic measurements such as height, mass, age and frequency of participation will be recorded. They will then be required to do a VO2max test, see Ramsbottom et al. (1988) for method, from which the running speeds for 55% and 95% will be calculated. They will also have a trial at the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) (see Nicholas et al. (2000) for method) to familiarise themselves. During this they will be able to consume water ad libitum. In the following experimental trials they will be encouraged to consume an equal amount. Experimental Sessions Following a warm-up, participants will complete the LIST (Nicholas et al. 2000). Heart rate monitors will be fitted and record heart rate every 15 seconds during exercise using short-range radio telemetry. Rate of perceived exertion using Borgs 6-20 scale will be recorded every 15 minutes. Sprint times in one direction over 15 metres using two infrared photo-electric cells and computer software will also be recorded throughout the test. Following completion of the LIST they will be given one of the two experimental drinks; Mars Refuel Chocolate Milk (CM) or carbohydrate replacement drink; Endurox R4 Chocolate (CR). The volume of CR will be calculated to provide 1 g carbohydrate.kg-1 body mass. The volume of CM will be calculated to give an isocaloric amount. The drinks will be placed into opaque bottles by a laboratory assistant not directly involved in the test. Recovery drinks will be assigned to the participants by a coin-toss. Once half the sample has been assigned to one drink t he remaining participants will be given the other for the first experimental trial. Participants will be given the alternative drink during the second trial. An equal total amount of carbohydrate will be given to the participants immediately post-exercise and 2 hours into the recovery period. Although the LIST does not replicate the situation of a badminton match, it does include the correct type of exercise used in training and often during tournaments players have long waiting periods. A total recovery time of 4 hours will be given representing this waiting period. During this time water may be consumed ad libitum in the first trial. This will be recorded and they will be encouraged to consume the same amount in trial 2. After the recovery period participants will be required to complete the LIST again. The time to exhaustion and variables previously measured will be recorded. Participants will then be asked to return one week later in the same state as previously described, replicating their diet 24 hours before the trial. The experimental procedure for trial 2 will be the same, however participants will be given the opposite recovery drink. A placebo is not being used as it has already been shown in many studies that post-exercise consumption of carbohydrate improves recovery. If at any point during the trials the participant wishes to stop or their health and safety becomes compromised the experiment will be stopped. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis will be used on the collected data using SPSS (version 17). The time to exhaustion, sprint times and heart rates following consumption of the two drinks will be compared as will the results for the initial LIST and post-recovery LIST. The significance level for tests will be P